which statement describes the spanish colonization of north america

North America's Indigenous peoples preserved their cultures and dignity through this period, despite facing violent dispossession by the colonists; enslaved Africans did as well, amid the . "Nicols de Ovando" in, sfn error: no target: CITEREFGngora1998 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFLagos_Carmona1985 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFHistoria_general_de_Espaa1992 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBushnell1981 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFChipman2005 (, sfnm error: no target: CITEREFBushnell1981 (, sfnm error: no target: CITEREFChipman2005 (. [113], Spanish settlers sought to live in towns and cities, with governance being accomplished through the town council or Cabildo. Chocolate and vanilla were cultivated in Mexico and exported to Europe. Only by playing upon the disunity among the diverse groups in the Aztec Empire were the Spanish able to capture Tenochtitln. The conquest of the Aztec Empire involved the combined effort of armies from many indigenous allies, spearheaded by a small Spanish force of conquistadors. [45] In 1565, Spain established a settlement in St. Augustine, Florida, lasting in one way or another until modern times. Hispanic American Historical Review 53.4 (1973): 581-599. Potos (founded 1545) was in the zone of dense indigenous settlement, so that labor could be mobilized on traditional patterns to extract the ore. An important element for productive mining was mercury for processing high-grade ore. Peru had a source in Huancavelica (founded 1572), while Mexico had to rely on mercury imported from Spain. The Spanish did not find any gold in the Americas, but they did establish large plantations B. 1875. Lockhart and Schwartz, Early Latin America, pp. The early Caribbean proved a massive disappointment for Spaniards, who had hoped to find mineral wealth and exploitable indigenous populations. The crown had authority to draw the boundaries for dioceses and parishes. Spanish universities expanded to train lawyer-bureaucrats (letrados) for administrative positions in Spain and its overseas empire. answer choices. Is there any instances where the Spaniards conquered places to spread religious belief?? Vol. The Conquest of Michoacn: The Spanish Domination of the Tarascan Kingdom in Western Mexico, 15211530. To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. The officials of the royal treasury at each level of government typically included two to four positions: a tesorero (treasurer), the senior official who guarded money on hand and made payments; a contador (accountant or comptroller), who recorded income and payments, maintained records, and interpreted royal instructions; a factor, who guarded weapons and supplies belonging to the king, and disposed of tribute collected in the province; and a veedor (overseer), who was responsible for contacts with native inhabitants of the province, and collected the king's share of any war booty. Columbus's discovery opened a floodgate of Spanish exploration. The Spaniards systematically attempted to transform structures of indigenous governance to those more closely resembling those of Spaniards, so the indigenous city-state became a Spanish town and the indigenous noblemen who ruled became officeholders of the town council (cabildo). Queen Isabel put an end to formal slavery, declaring the indigenous to be vassals of the crown, but Spaniards' exploitation of indigenous labor continued. Other notable historical figures in the production are Malinche, Corts cultural translator, and other conquerors Pedro de Alvarado, Cristbal de Olid, Bernal Daz del Castillo. The crown relied on ecclesiastics as important councilors and royal officials in the governance of their overseas territories. Europeans immigrated from various provinces of Spain, with initial waves of emigration consisting of more men than women. [25][26][27][28] Not until the conquest of the Incan Empire, which used similar tactics and began in 1532, was the conquest of the Aztecs matched in scale of either territory or treasure. As the colonial economy became more diversified and less dependent on these mechanisms for the accumulation of wealth, the indigenous noblemen became less important for the economy. The. All of the colonies, except Cuba and Puerto Rico, attained independence by the 1820s. The vast majority of the decline happened after the Spanish period, during the Mexican and US periods of Californian history (18211910), with the most dramatic collapse (200,000 to 25,000) occurring in the US period (18461910). "The 1539 inquisition and trial of Don Carlos of Texcoco in early Mexico.". Spanish settlement in Mexico largely replicated the organization of the area in preconquest times while in Peru, the center of the Incas was too far south, too remote, and at too high an altitude for the Spanish capital. In Mexico, Hernn Corts and the men of his expedition founded of the port town of Veracruz in 1519 and constituted themselves as the town councilors, as a means to throw off the authority of the governor of Cuba, who did not authorize an expedition of conquest. In the 1480s, Pope Sixtus IV had granted Portugal the right to all land south of the Cape Verde islands, leading the Portuguese king to claim that the lands discovered by Columbus belonged to Portugal, not Spain. "Blasco Nez Vela" in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. [62], The impossibility of the physical presence of the monarch and the necessity of strong royal governance in The Indies resulted in the appointment of viceroys ("vice-kings"), the direct representation of the monarch, in both civil and ecclesiastical spheres. The monarch was head of the civil and religious hierarchies. Spaniards waged a fifty-year war (ca. Therefore, the mountains were a they acted as a barrier to further settlement to the west. Important indigenous crops that transformed Europe were the potato and maize, which produced abundant crops that led to the expansion of populations in Europe. Invasion of the American continents and incorporation into the Spanish Empire, "Conquista" redirects here. I've read that the reasons for Spanish conquest could be summed up with three words: "Gold, Glory, God.". Why did many conquistadores fail to establish colonies in the New World? from other nations, thus boosting its colonial popula-tion. A social system in which class status is determined at birth. [37] Exploration from Peru resulted in the foundation of Tucumn in what is now northwest Argentina. Direct link to Jude's post I believe the caste syste, Posted 5 years ago. [92] Indigenous noblemen were particularly important in the early period of colonization, since the economy of the encomienda was initially built on the extraction of tribute and labor from the commoners in their communities. Pedro de Mendoza and Domingo Martnez de Irala, who led the original expedition, went inland and founded Asuncin, Paraguay, which became the Spaniards' base. [156], For the conquest of Mexico, a 2019 eight-episode Mexican TV miniseries Hernn depicts the conquest of Mexico. The Plan of Iguala was part of the peace treaty to establish a constitutional foundation for an independent Mexico. Columbus, in his voyage, sought fame and fortune, as did his Spanish sponsors. In Mexico, Bishop Juan de Zumrraga prosecuted and had executed in 1539 a Nahua lord, known as Don Carlos of Texcoco for apostasy and sedition for having converted to Christianity and then renounced his conversion and urged others to do so as well. He was subsequently tried and convicted of cruelty to both natives and colonists and banished from New Mexico for life.[52]. They preferred wheat cultivation to indigenous sources of carbohydrates: casava, maize (corn), and potatoes, initially importing seeds from Europe and planting in areas where plow agriculture could be utilized, such as the Mexican Bajo. [58] In southern Chile and the pampas, the Araucanians (Mapuche) prevented further Spanish expansion. Indigenous elites could use the noble titles don and doa, were exempt from the head-tax, and could entail their landholdings into cacicazgos. [135], Native populations declined significantly during the period of Spanish expansion. 1. [54], The Columbian Exchange was as significant as the clash of civilizations. What factors lead to their demise? [43] In 1521, Ponce de Leon was killed while trying to establish a settlement near what is now Charlotte Harbor, Florida. However, noblemen became defenders of the rights to land and water controlled by their communities. Horses that escaped Spanish control were captured by indigenous; many indigenous also raided for horses. the great depression caused the stock market crash of 1929. the stock market crash of . During the early era and under the Habsburgs, the crown established a regional layer of colonial jurisdiction in the institution of Corregimiento, which was between the Audiencia and town councils. Practices like forced labor and slavery for resource extraction, and forced resettlement in new villages and later missions were common during the first decades of colonization. The Habsburg dynastywho ruled over the territories of Austria, the Netherlands, Naples, Sicily, and Spainencouraged and financed a blossoming Spanish Renaissance culture, both, One of this periods most famous works is the novel. While they all shared a desire for wealth and power, their motivations for colonization differed somewhat, and thus the pattern and success of their colonies varied significantly. The bishop challenged the Jesuits' continuing to hold Indian parishes and function as priests without the required royal licenses. There was surface gold found in early islands, and holders of encomiendas put the indigenous to work panning for it. 1992. [114] In areas of previous indigenous empires with settled populations, the crown also melded existing indigenous rule into a Spanish pattern, with the establishment of cabildos and the participation of indigenous elites as officials holding Spanish titles. How did the Golden Age of Spain communicate similar ideals to that of the Spanish colonization project? Gold and silver began to connect European nations through trade, and the Spanish money supply ballooned, which signified the beginning of the economic system known as, Riches poured in from the colonies, and new ideas poured in from other countries and new lands. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press|1985. Audiencia judgments and other functions became more tied to the locality and less to the crown and impartial justice. Where the Spaniards had exclusive access to horses in warfare, they had an advantage over indigenous warriors on foot. Burkholder, Mark A. and Lyman L. Johnson. Dressing, J. David. In areas of dense, stratified indigenous populations, especially Mesoamerica and the Andean region, Spanish conquerors awarded perpetual private grants of labor and tribute to particular indigenous settlements, in encomienda they were in a privileged position to accumulate private wealth. David Stannard historian and professor of American Studies at the University of Hawaii compares the genocidal process in two cases of colonization, and says that the British did not need massive labor as the Spanish, but land: "And therein lies the central difference between the genocide committed by the Spanish and that of the Anglo-Americans . Cities were governed on the same pattern as in Spain and in the Indies the city was the framework of Spanish life. Later conquests in Mexico were protracted campaigns with less immediate results than the conquest of the Aztec Empire. [131] Religious orders along with the Jesuits then embarked on further evangelization in frontier regions of the empire. Each order set up networks of parishes in the various regions (provinces), sited in existing indigenous settlements, where Christian churches were built and where evangelization of the indigenous was based. I: Crowds and social movements have lasting and more significant effects and last for a longer period of time than fads and fashions. Spanish colonial missions in North America are significant because so many were established and they had lasting effects on the cultural landscape. [68] To carry out the expedition (entrada), which entailed exploration, conquest, and initial settlement of the territory, the king, as sovereign, and the appointed leader of an expedition (adelantado) agreed to an itemized contract (capitulacin), with the specifics of the conditions of the expedition in a particular territory. Although the structure of the indigenous cabildo looked similar to that of the Spanish institution, its indigenous functionaries continued to follow indigenous practices. There were few Spaniards and huge indigenous populations, so utilizing indigenous intermediaries was a practical solution to the incorporation of the indigenous population into the new regime of rule. Inspired by tales of rivers of gold and timid, malleable native peoples, later Spanish explorers were relentless in their quest for land and gold. That was of enslaved Africans. Spalding, Karen. [108] Although constituted as the highest judicial authority in their territorial jurisdiction, they also had executive and legislative authority, and served as the executive on an interim basis. The Spanish colonization of the Americas began in 1493 on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola after the initial 1492 voyage of Genoese mariner Christopher Columbus under license from the Queen Isabella I of Castile. - New Mexico is established as a Spanish Colony.-Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de Len explored Florida. From that misperception the Spanish called the indigenous peoples of the Americas, "Indians" (indios), lumping a multiplicity of civilizations, groups, and individuals into a single category. Spaniards and Indigenous parents produced Mestizo offspring, who were also part of the Repblica de Espaoles. The exchange did not go one way. [141][142][143] In Mexico, the labor force had to be lured from elsewhere in the colony, and was not based on traditional systems of rotary labor. Conquistadores and Spanish colonization. "[61] Reforms sought to centralize government control through reorganization of administration, reinvigorate the economies of Spain and the Spanish empire through changes in mercantile and fiscal policies, defend Spanish colonies and territorial claims through the establishment of a standing military, undermine the power of the Catholic church, and rein in the power of the American-born elites.[62]. The crown attempted to curb Spaniards' exploitation, banning Spaniards' bequeathing their private grants of indigenous communities' tribute and encomienda labor in 1542 in the New Laws. The Spanish founded towns in the Caribbean, on Hispaniola and Cuba, on a pattern that became spatially similar throughout Spanish America. Las Casas was officially appointed Protector of the Indians and spent his life arguing forcefully on their behalf. In the fall of 1528, Spanish explorer lvar Nez Cabeza de Vaca landed on present day Follet's Island, Texas. Until his dying day, Columbus was convinced that he had reached Asia, the Indies. Virtually all expeditions after the Columbus voyages, which were funded by the crown of Castile, were done at the expense of the leader of the expedition and its participants. The Franciscans arrived first in 1525 in a group of twelve, the Twelve Apostles of Mexico. The Spanish became wealthy from mining large amounts of gold C. The Spanish became wealthy from fur trapping D. Spanish colonies were largely established as havens from . European colonization of North America expanded through Spanish colonists establishing themselves in present-day Florida in the 1500s and English colonists doing so farther up the East Coast in the 1600s. Direct link to d042's post how do I Define the term , Posted 3 years ago. Through such methods, the Spaniards came to accumulate a massive force of thousands, perhaps tens of thousands of indigenous warriors. [74], Beginning in 1522 in the newly conquered Mexico, government units in the Spanish empire had a royal treasury controlled by a set of oficiales reales (royal officials). In the early period for Spaniards, formal ownership of land was less important than control of indigenous labor and receiving tribute. Benedict. While chartered by the Crown, English colonization was funded by joint-stock companies, groups of investors eager for profits. The governors exercised judicial ordinary functions of first instance, and prerogatives of government legislating by ordinances. In the Huancavelica region, mercury continues to wreak ecological damage.[144][145][146]. For all practical purposes, this was slavery. respond to failed pueblo revolt in 1598?, The ---1-- of the Spanish Armada by the --2-- empire demonstrated a more --3-- ships against a much larger warships. The labor of dense populations of Tainos were allocated as grants to Spanish settlers in an institution known as the encomienda, where particular indigenous settlements were awarded to individual Spaniards. In the first settlements in the Caribbean, the Spaniards deliberately brought animals and plants that transformed the ecological landscape. [111] This direct correspondence of the Audiencia with the Council of the Indies made it possible for the council to give the Audiencia direction on general aspects of government.[108]. Another failed attempt was conducted by Lucas Vzquez de Aylln, who set out with approximately 500 colonists and established the settlement of San Miguel de Gualdape in modern-day South Carolina in 1526.[44]. The Spanish conquest of Yucatn, the Spanish conquest of Guatemala, the conquest of the Purpecha of Michoacan, the war of Mexico's west, and the Chichimeca War in northern Mexico expanded Spanish control over territory and indigenous populations stretching thousands of miles. Tribute goods in Mexico were most usually lengths of cotton cloth, woven by women, and maize and other foodstuffs produced by men. He strongly influenced the formulation of colonial policy under the Catholic Monarchs, and was instrumental in establishing the Casa de Contratacin (House of Trade) (1503), which enabled crown control over trade and immigration. Direct link to Batuhan #BringBackBackgrounds's post The monarchy took most of, Posted 2 years ago. Gonzalo Jimnez de Quesada was the leading conquistador with his brother Hernn second in command. "The Bourbon Reforms" in, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFEncyclopedia_of_Latin_American_History_and_Culture1996 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBedini1992 (, Cook, Noble David. The names of two indigenous leaders (caciques) who rebelled against Spanish colonization, Enriquillo and Hatuey in the Dominican Republic (Hispaniola), have become important.[12]. Don Martn was sent into exile, while other conspirators were executed. But the importation of horses transformed warfare for both the Spaniards and the indigenous. Spalding, Karen. Patterns of the first Spanish settlements in the Caribbean were to endure there and had a lasting impact on the Spanish Empire. Treasury officials were supposed to be paid out of the income from the province, and were normally prohibited from engaging in income-producing activities.[76]. He became deeply indebted to the German Welser and Fugger banking families. There were a variable number of councilors (regidores), depending on the size of the town, also two municipal judges (alcaldes menores), who were judges of first instance, and also other officials as police chief, inspector of supplies, court clerk, and a public herald. For the Spaniards Tlaxcalan allies, their crucial support gained them enduring political legacy into the modern era, the Mexican state of Tlaxcala.[23][24]. Gold existed in only small amounts, and the indigenous peoples died off in massive numbers. In the face of the impossibility of the Castilian institutions to take care of the New World affairs, other new institutions were created. A key to this was the cooperation between most indigenous elites with the new ruling structure. providing opportunities for colonists to participate in government. It became the second-most valuable export from Spanish America after silver.[149]. [15], Spaniards spent over 25 years in the Caribbean where their initial high hopes of dazzling wealth gave way to continuing exploitation of disappearing indigenous populations, exhaustion of local gold mines, initiation of cane sugar cultivation as an export product, and forced migration of enslaved Africans as a labor force. According to the French historian Jean Dumont The Valladolid debate was a major turning point in world history In that moment in Spain appeared the dawn of the human rights. "Juzgado General de Indios del Per o Juzgado Particular de Indios de el cercado de Lima.". The Spanish Crown separated them into the Repblica de Indios. Queen Isabel was the first monarch that laid the first stone for the protection of the indigenous peoples in her testament in which the Catholic monarch prohibited the enslavement of the indigenous peoples of the Americas. The most prominent example is in Puebla, Mexico, when Bishop Juan de Palafox y Mendoza was driven from his bishopric by the Jesuits. Question. "[126] On the frontier of empire, Indians were seen as sin razn, ("without reason"); non-Indian populations were described as gente de razn ("people of reason"), who could be mixed-race castas or black and had greater social mobility in frontier regions. But in 1493, Spanish-born Pope Alexander VI issued two papal decrees giving legitimacy to Spains Atlantic claims over the claims of Portugal. They replicated the existing indigenous network of settlements, but added a port city. In 2000, Pope John Paul II apologized for errors committed by the Catholic Church, including forced conversion. The reorganization of administration has been called "a revolution in government. A well-connected settler in Cuba, Hernn Corts received authorization in 1519 by the governor of Cuba to form an expedition of exploration-only to this far western region. Columbus had promised the crown that the region he now controlled held a huge treasure in the form of gold and spices. 87-88. The region overseen by the archbishop was divided into large units, the diocese, headed by a bishop. He then founded the settlement of La Isabela on the island they named Hispaniola (now divided into Haiti and the Dominican Republic). Mercury is a neurotoxin, which damaged and killed human and mules coming into contact with it. London, England: Penguin Classics. They were initially a scarce commodity, but horse breeding became an active industry. Castile and Aragon were ruled jointly by their respective monarchs, but they remained separate kingdoms. Another important export product was cochineal, a color-fast red dye made from dried insects living on cacti. The Franciscans took over some former Jesuit missions and continued the expansion of areas incorporated into the empire. American-born elite men complained bitterly about the change, since they lost access to power that they had enjoyed for nearly a century.[109]. In the twentieth century, there have been a number of films depicting the life of Christopher Columbus. The two major colonial powers in Latin America were Spain and Portugal.. Dominican friar Antonio de Montesinos denounced Spanish cruelty and abuse in a sermon in 1511, which comes down to us in the writings of Dominican friar Bartolom de las Casas. In Hispaniola, the indigenous Tano pre-contact population before the arrival of Columbus of several hundred thousand had declined to sixty thousand by 1509. The two main areas of Spanish settlement after 1550 were Mexico and Peru, the sites of the Aztec and Inca indigenous civilizations. Question 1. 1, pp. Records of the conquest of central Mexico include accounts by the expedition leader Hernn Corts, Bernal Daz del Castillo and other Spanish conquistadors, indigenous allies from the city-states altepetl of Tlaxcala, Texcoco, and Huexotzinco. Image credit: Map of de Coronado's route through Mexico and the Southwest of the modern United States. Direct link to Michael Fulcher's post How did spain handle all , Posted 3 years ago. The leader of the expedition pledged the larger share of capital to the enterprise, which in many ways functioned as a commercial firm. For Spaniards, the fierce Chichimecas barred them for exploiting mining resources in northern Mexico. The crown was open to limiting the inheritance of encomiendas in perpetuity as a way to extinguish the coalescence of a group of Spaniards impinging on royal power. [55][56] Arguably the most significant introduction was diseases brought to the Americas, which devastated indigenous populations in a series of epidemics. Image credit: Columbuss discovery opened a floodgate of Spanish exploration. When the Catholic Monarchs gave official approval for the plans for Columbus's voyage to reach "the Indies" by sailing West, the funding came from the queen of Castile. [118] In order to control the municipal life, the Crown ordered the appointment of corregidores and alcaldes mayores to exert greater political control and judicial functions in minor districts. Lockhart and Schwartz, Early Latin America, p.89. MacIas, Rosario Marquez; Macas, Rosario Mrquez (1995). [112] The Bourbon-era intendants were appointed and relatively well paid. . Hispanic American Historical Review 50.4 (1970): 645-664. Permanent Spanish settlements were founded in New Mexico, starting in 1598, with Santa Fe founded in 1610. [105], In 1721, at the beginning of the Bourbon monarchy, the crown transferred the main responsibility for governing the overseas empire from the Council of the Indies to the Ministry of the Navy and the Indies, which were subsequently divided into two separate ministries in 1754. Cacao beans for chocolate emerged as an export product as Europeans developed a taste for sweetened chocolate. Charles revoked the grant in 1545, ending the episode of German colonization. parliament), administrative or ecclesiastical institution, or seigneurial group. Las Casas, Bartolome. Lockhart and Schwartz, Early Latin America, pp. Direct link to Ordo Ab Chao (Quizzaciously Sesquipedalianized Eleemosynary)'s post The Aztecs witnessed the , Posted 4 years ago. Ore was crushed with the aid of mules and then mercury could be applied to draw out the pure silver. Caeque, Alejandro "The Political and Institutional History of Colonial Spanish America", Weber, David J. Hoping to salvage Portugals holdings, King Joo II negotiated a treaty with Spain. [111] Besides court of justice, the Audiencias had functions of government as counterweight the authority of the viceroys, since they could communicate with both the Council of the Indies and the king without the requirement of requesting authorization from the viceroy. Neither was effective in its purpose. Ida Altman, S.L. As the indigenous populations declined, the need for corregimiento decreased and then suppressed, with the alcalda mayor remaining an institution until it was replaced in the eighteenth-century Bourbon Reforms by royal officials, Intendants. Once the Spanish settlement in the Caribbean occurred, Spain and Portugal formalized a division of the world between them in the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas. This is not a fabrication; indigenous death to such diseases claimed around 50% in Tenochtitlan and up to 90% elsewhere on the continent. [1], The Spanish Empire would expand across the Caribbean Islands, half of South America, almost all of Central America and most of North America. Although often the participants, conquistadors, are now termed soldiers, they were not paid soldiers in ranks of an army, but rather soldiers of fortune, who joined an expedition with the expectation of profiting from it. Direct link to David Alexander's post The Spanish moved into th, Posted 3 months ago. During a financial crisis in the late seventeenth century, the crown began selling Audiencia appointments, and American-born Spaniards held 45% of Audiencia appointments. A year later Christopher Columbus, on his fourth voyage, sailed along the Caribbean coast from the Bay of Honduras to Panama, accumulating much information and a little gold . [162], The life of seventeenth-century Mexican nun, Sor Juana Ins de la Cruz, renowned in her lifetime, has been portrayed in a 1990 Argentine film, I, the Worst of All[163] and in a TV miniseries Juana Ins. Q4 . 5, p. 453. In 1500 the city of Nueva Cdiz was founded on the island of Cubagua, Venezuela, followed by the founding of Santa Cruz by Alonso de Ojeda in present-day Guajira peninsula. It has been estimated that over 1.86 million Spaniards emigrated to Latin America in the period between 1492 and 1824, with millions more continuing to immigrate following independence. [133][134] When the formal institution of the Inquisition was established in 1571, indigenous peoples were excluded from its jurisdiction on the grounds that they were neophytes, new converts, and not capable of understanding religious doctrine. This is thought to have been the result of an increasingly harsh climate to the south, and the lack of a populous and sedentary indigenous population to settle among for the Spanish in the fjords and channels of Patagonia. The Jesuits resisted crown control, refusing to pay the tithe on their estates that supported the ecclesiastical hierarchy and came into conflict with bishops. For the colony's continued existence, a reliable source of labor was needed. The purpose, they said, was to protect the American colonists, though the actual reason probably had more to do with wanting to 'keep an eye' on them.
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