kankanaey culture and tradition

There are often human characters in these stories, just as there are animals given human attributes and undergoing the same gamut of experiences as their human counterparts. In 1899, the US army pursued the revolutionary leader, Emilio Aguinaldo, in the Cordilleras. The themes of Kankanaey tales appear to be the following: marriage and family life, social customs and traditions, religious values, beliefs and practices, and tales of magic and imagination. Association or bonding with other adolescents prepared them for a new phase of relationships that would eventually lead to marriage. Hunting and fishing have been severely affected because of the continuing denudation of the once vast timberlands of the Cordillera forests. [8], The Kankana-eys have three main weapons, the bolo (gamig), the axe (wasay) and the spear (balbeg), which they previously used to kill with but now serve practical purposes in their livelihood. This practically extended their authority to the political, economic, social, and religious aspects of society. Folk Architecture. Near this village is a sacred grove of trees used as a place for ritual sacrifices or performances. The tiktiko are either zigzag patterns representing mountains and forests, or crisscross patterns depicting rice mortars. Masferrs photographs were not widely noticed until 1982, when they were put on exhibit in Manila and thereafter toured around several cities in the country, later in the Cultural Center of the Philippines, and then in several countries abroad. Some of those who have managed to retain their traditional upper-class standing may still be practicing the duties of the classic kadangyan, although in altered forms. http://www.census.gov.ph/old/data/pressrelease/2002/pr0212tx.html. Both manbunong and mangengey inherit their religious position from parents who were themselves spiritual leaders. In pain and defeat, Delnagen returned home. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. In the Philippines, the Kankanaey, Bontok, Ifugao, and other Cordillera groups were integrated under the new politico-military dispensation. The anap, literally, to find out, are divinatory rites performed by a man-anap (medicine man or woman). In the Visayas region, there are 1,752 of them in Leyte; 1,264 in Aklan; 3,040 in Iloilo; 5,150 in Negros Occidental; 2,241 in Negros Oriental; 46 in Siquijor; 216 in Biliran; 836 in Bohol; and 5,384 in Cebu. However, most of the gold gathered by the Spaniards did not come from mining but from either the collection of it as tribute or the looting of the gold and heirlooms from the Cordillera people. CAR also reunited the former mountain provinces, including Abra as a special region. The tumungaw or mangmangkik cause various illnesses and are also responsible for typhoons, epidemics, and other calamities. The Soul Book. The celebration is held for one day and one night with preparations of food, water, and tapuy. Tindaan, Ruth M. 2010. The at-ato and the informal leadership of the above-mentioned elements of northern Kankanaey society have been transformed or muted by the assimilation of this group into a centralized national society. The village elders (lallakay/dakay or amam-a) who act as arbiters and jurors have the duty to settlements between conflicting members of the community, facilitate discussion among the villagers concerning the welfare of the community and lead in the observance of rituals. The Kankanaey use a small piece of wood they call gisi, to which are attached three iron points. In paypay, the shaman clutches a chicken under her arm, and holds a winnowing basket in one hand and a stick in the other. Formal political leadership is a modern-day phenomenon, and it comes in the form of bureaucratic placement in the national-local government system. INDIGENOUS CRAFTS AND CULTURE by Genevieve Balance-Kupang This caao or feast, the most important festival in northern Kankanaey society, is hosted by the kadangyan and involves the slaughter of many animals. Original prints of his photographs are in the Bontoc Museum, National Museum of the Philippines, Smithsonian Institute in the United States, and the National Gallery of Australia. [10], Hanging coffins are one of the funerary practices among the Kankanaey people of Sagada, Mountain Province. The allao, on the other hand, has a rectangular floor. In hosting their extravagant festivities, the kadangyan are not only propitiating the spirits to keep them healthy and wealthy but are also giving themselves an opportunity to share their blessings with the less-advantaged Kankanaey in the community. They were consulted by families and individuals for the diagnosis and treatment of any kind of illness for which was prescribed the proper cure and the appropriate caao ceremonies. The matmata are diamond shapes within larger diamond shapes and resemble either rice grains or eyes. The kinship group of the Southern Kankana-eys consists of his descent group and, once he is married, his affinal kinsmen. The Kankanaey, referred to by outsiders and the Benguet-Lepanto Igorot as the busao (enemies) in the area, put up some resistance. The material used for the floor is split bamboo and lengths of runo. Worcester, Dean C. 1906. Finally, the Kankana-ey are one of the few tribes who still practice a way of living more common in the old days, although is fast disappearing as well. The house has only one entrance, the front door, accessed through a slender detachable ladder. The diviners are called manbaknao, manbuyun, or mansip-ok, depending on the particular medium or method used during the ritual. Each end of the threads is tied to a tree or a house post while the other end is tied to a wood bar strapped around the waist of the weaver, who becomes part of the loom by pulling the threads back and forth with her waist, thus constantly applying tension to the threads. In 1909, Jose Fianza, on behalf of his family and kin, filed a case against John F. Reavis, who in 1901 claimed the Antamok and Ampasit mines and sold them to Benguet Consolidated. This is done whenever the bonabon seedlings show telltale signs of withering. Quezon City: GCF Books. A joint undertaking of the Kabuyao Elementary School (KES) and the National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA), the students spent 36 days to . [13], The Northern Kankana-eys honor their dead by keeping vigil and performing the rituals sangbo (offering of 2 pigs and 3 chickens), baya-o (singing of a dirge by three men), menbaya-o (elegy) and sedey (offering of pig). ( The Northern Kankana-eys have rich material culture among which is the four types of houses: the two-story innagamang, binang-iyan, tinokbob and the elevated tinabla. Kankanaey, also Kankanay, Kankanai, and Kankana-i, refers to the culture and the people who primarily reside in Benguet and Mountain Province of the Cordillera Administrative Region. The getap is kept in place with a inandolo, also called wakes and bakget, a belt 7.5 to 15 centimeters wide, made of tightly woven cotton yarn and wound twice around the waist. The Spaniards, who exercised colonial control over local institutions, were aware of the basic function of this village section and therefore called it tribunal. There are sudsud for children, told to them by elders for their amusement. There are also some other dances that the Kankanaeys dance, such as the sakkuting, pinanyuan (wedding dance) and bogi-bogi (courtship dance). Make what we plant, also, pineapples and coffee, to have much fruit, so that we may have it to sell, that we may have something with which to buy blankets.). In words, for example, an Applai might say otik or beteg (pig) and the soft-speaking Kankanaey may say busaang or beteg as well. Even under the old system of parental arrangement, the Kankanaey rarely enter into a parental agreement when the children are still below the age at which they can make their own choices. the cordillera. Demetrio, Francisco, Gilda Cordero-Fernando, and Fernando Zialcita. When called to ensure an abundant rice harvest, it takes place sometime during May, a month before the actual harvest. They live in the mountainous regions of . The Spanish influence however, highly affected the religious traditions and customs in the areas surrounding large trade cities and the capital. Then, the other reapers proceed to cut the rest of the harvest. The male gods are Lumawig, Kabigat, Suyan, Okalan, and Balitok. The southern Kankanaey are found in the municipalities of Mankayan, Bakun, Kibungan, Buguias, and the upper half of Kapangan in Benguet. Independence from the household was the normal course of a young boy or girl who had reached a certain age. Ibaloi and Kankanaey performing arts include the teaching of customary values, rituals and way of life in songs and dances. Sabong di Kada is a film about a woman who longs for wealth, while Din Sungbat is a documentary-style film that highlights the differences between living in the mountains and life in the lowlands. His tattoos tell not only of his ancestral story, but also his story and his role in society. These heads were deposited in the at-ato, where the ceremonial caao or kanyaw (feast) was held after each successful engagement with the enemy. [9], Musical instruments include the tubular drum (solibao), brass or copper gongs (gangsa), Jew's harp (piwpiw), nose flute (kalaleng), and a bamboo-wood guitar (agaldang). The elders and other venerable members of the village display their priceless heirloom blankets during this occasion. During times of plenty, the bayas would be celebrated at least every three or four years, but in recent years the interval has become longer. Native priests (mansip-ok, manbunong, and mankotom) supervise rituals, read omens, heal the sick, and remember genealogies. In Benguet, there are 142,000 or 43% of the provinces total population; in Mountain Province, 72,694 or 52% of its population. Cabrera, Caroline K. 1977. To avoid hurting Delnagen, Annusan used his magic powers so Bangan would die temporarily and he could take her spirit and keep it in a bamboo tube. While holding up the stone, he or she calls out the names of various spirits. During the American occupation, they were the primary choice, as the local elite, for filling up high positions in the colonial bureaucracy. The members of the two higher-ranked classes may not have their fortunes intact all the time, as when they go into land mortgages or when a series of unfavorable omens may require them to host prolonged, expensive ritual sacrifices. Dog meat is considered as a delicacy and pigs and chickens are used mainly for ceremonial activities. There is social stratification in Kankanaey society. Mankayans copper mines were opened to exploitation by a Spanish mining company. This sleeping place might be a house not being used by a regular household. Many tales give him a leading role, although sometimes he assumes a subordinate position as the son, younger brother, cousin, or neighbor of the leading hero, or his, and other alter egos. A Peoples History of Benguet Province. The head complained very loudly at being without its body, so Lumawig gave it a body and a pair of legs. He has the magical power to work wonders, and exhibits truly suprahuman qualities common in mythic god-hero characters. The usual Kankanaey woven cloth is narrow, about 4.5 meters wide and 2.1 meters long. Casal, Gabriel, Regalado T. Jose Jr., Eric S. Casino, George R. Ellis, and Wilhelm G. Solheim II. The rites observed in connection with the agricultural cycle are deemed indispensable because the whole success of planting and harvesting, that is, survival itself, may depend entirely on such observance. http://car.neda.gov.ph/. Among the southern Benguet Igorot, this festival is called chungas. In Philippine cinema, commercial feature films that go as far back as the 1950s have included images of the Igorot in movies like Ifugao, 1954; Igorota (Igorot Woman), 1968; Mumbaki, 1996; Ngayong Nandito Ka Na (Now that You Are Here); 2004, and Dont Give Up On Us, 2005. The leadership structure is largely based on land ownership, thus the more well-off control the community's resources. A series of more expeditions were led by Pangasinan Governor Captain Garcia Aldana y Cabrera in 1620, Sergeant Major Antonio Carreo in 1623, and Governor Alonso Fajardo in 1624. Philippine Mythology. They make do with whatever inferior food they can avail for themselves or earn their keep by working for others or, as in the case of the Benguet Kankanaey, engage in mine-related activities. 1986. [8], For a living, the Northern Kankana-eys take part in barter and trade in kind, agriculture (usually on terraces), camote/sweet potato farming, slash-and-burn/swidden farming, hunting, fishing and food gathering, handicraft and other cottage industry. With the integration of Kankanaey society into the cash economy, and with the attractiveness of earning more cash in urbanized places, a significant number, many still in their teens, have sought to find employment in Baguio City and elsewhere. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 17th ed. 2002. The Culture of the Bontoc Igorot by Carmencita Cawed (1972). Both northern and southern Kankanaey have always been rice terrace agriculturists. On the day of the feast, men with bolo and spears come out of their houses and proceed to the village borders, to put up barricades across all entrances. Author/s: Edgardo B. Maranan (1994) / Updated by Gonzalo A. Campoamor II, Rosario Cruz-Lucero, and Ruth Tindaan (2018), URL: https://epa.culturalcenter.gov.ph/1/2/2356/. Furthermore, a socioeconomic class that can be described as newly rich has entered the picture. Kankanay Social Organization and Culture Change. The themes of the day-eng would either be tragic, heroic, or comic. Bugan is often associated with Lawigan as his female counterpart, although she first appears in the cosmology as the sister-wife of Lumawigprobably a variant of Lawigan. A Kankanaey Igorot from the Cordillera in the Philippines, Minnie Degawan is Director of the Indigenous and Traditional Peoples Program at Conservation International, based at its international headquarters in Virginia, United States. Kankanaey songs contain not only rhythm and rhyme but also poetic expressions and terms that are not used in ordinary speech. Their names are recited and invoked by the Kankanaey in various rituals so that they may intercede for people and facilitate the granting of favors needed or desired. There are also female mediums called mangengey. Otherwise, it was a separate place built exclusively for this purpose. Days later, after Annusan had finished his work on his farm, he worried about Delnagen and paid him a visit. Manteneng is a ritual that begins the planting phase. Wild animal meat such as deer, boar, civet cats and lizards are salted and dried under the sun to preserve it. Kankanay Religion (Northern Luzon, Philippines). Anthropos 67: 73. Initial productions were screened in church gatherings and other community events until demand called for distribution of VCD copies and further productions. To appease Maeya or the kind spirits, Kabunyan, Ap-apo, Kakading, a thanksgiving ritual must be done, comprising of animal offering, food, rice wine and other material things. Like most ethnic groups, the Kankanaey built sloping terraces to maximize farm space in the rugged terrain of the They practice bilateral kinship. This creature married the thunder, and it became the lightning. Most of their income comes from tilling the fields. After eight months, they left the United States on 13 November with a group of Visayans and Tinguian. 2A: Demographic and Housing Characteristics (Non-Sample Variables) - Philippines", "DNA reveals earliest Pacific Islander ancestors came from Asia", "Genomic insights into the peopling of the Southwest Pacific", "Multi-layered population structure in Island Southeast Asians", "Baguio eats: Head to this restaurant for a literal taste of blood", "Culture Shock A Study of Domestic Tourists in Sagada, Philippines", "The Hanging Coffins of Echo Valley, Sagada, Mountain Province", "The Recontextualization of Burik (Traditional Tattoos) of Kabayan Mummies in Benguet to Contemporary Practices", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kankanaey_people&oldid=1147978517, Lumawig: the supreme deity; creator of the universe and preserver of life, Bangan: the goddess of romance; a daughter of Bugan and Lumawig, Obban: the goddess of reproduction; a daughter of Bugan and Lumawig, Kabigat: one of the deities who contact mankind through spirits called anito and their ancestral spirits, Balitok: one of the deities who contact mankind through spirits called anito and their ancestral spirits, Wigan: one of the deities who contact mankind through spirits called anito and their ancestral spirits, Masaken: ruler of the underworld who interrupted the Timugan brothers, This page was last edited on 3 April 2023, at 09:42. 1996. This space is used for weaving and cooking. For further warmth and comfort, the Kankanaey family keeps a fire burning in an elevated hearth located on one side of the main interior. Praying over it, he implores Kabunian to help reveal the cause of sickness and the type of sacrifice required to cure it. Crabs are also caught to make tengba, a gravy of pounded rice mixed with crabs, salted and placed in jars to age. The Kankanaey practice three types of agriculture: swidden or slash-and-burn, terracing for wet rice production, and horticulture. The wife prepares the meals while the construction is in progress. Marriage is monogamous and generally permanent when the couple has children, and the family bears a complex set of responsibilities related to economic and ritual activities. The case, which had dragged on until just before Jose died, was resolved when he received a jarful of palata (coins) as payment for the properties. Since 1992, Igorot filmmakers have been representing themselves in their own language. They also hunt and fish small fishes and eel which is a special delicacy when cooked. Some believe he is a son of a goddess. Video:Pakan Ritual - Kankana-ey ICCs/IPs of Bagulin, La Union. In Bagnen, Bauko, Mt Province, the phases of agricultural cycle are the sama or sowing of seeds, starting in August; toned or transplanting in December; kames or weeding and putting up a kilkilaw (scarecrow), starting February of the next year; lugam or cleaning of the kabiti (stone wall), starting in April; and latab or harvesting, starting in June. Gadang. The Spaniards had occupied the adjacent lowlands as early as 1572, but it was only after a hundred years that they were able to reach the territory of the northern Kankanaey. Ifugao Culture and History. But the Organic Acts enacted by Congress that would have transformed Cordillera into an autonomous region were rejected in the January 1990 and March 1998 plebiscites. The woven material comes in long, narrow pieces that are sewn together, the number of seams dependent on the purpose for which it would be used. Some Notes on House Styles in a Kankanay Village. Asian Studies 3 (1): 41-54. Other buildings include the granary ( agamang ), male clubhouse ( dap-ay or abong ), and female dormitory ( ebgan ). The manabig (wise old men) were keepers of the lore and traditions and were expected to define correct custom, interpret procedure in caaos, remember significant matters from the past. Since a manabig was called upon to solve personal and communal problems, he was accorded deep respect, and his services were compensated with meat, rice wine, or both. The living room is upstairs, which is also the sleeping and dining area. Changes in Kankanaey architecture were brought about by contact with the outside. There are two varieties of rice called topeng which are planted in June and July and harvested in November and December, and ginolot which are planted in November and December and harvested in June and July. Death and Beyond: Death & Burial Rituals & Other Practices & Beliefs of the Igorots of Sagada, Mountain Province, Philippines by Dinah Elma Piluden-Omengan (2004). Laws that were instituted paved the way for Americans to claim the lands that once were owned, operated, and developed by the local population. By 1929, Benguet was yielding 86% of the total 6.7 million peso gold production and 92% of the 73.7 million pesos just before World War II. In child rearing, the man participates almost equally with the woman, often carrying the child in a sling on his back while at work in the yard or in the field. Foreign country music melodies have been adapted for Kankanaey lyrics that may or may not have anything to do with the original. Music videos have been made available on DVDs and YouTube. His life as an art photographer began in 1933, when he got hold of a Kodak camera. These are wise old men well experienced in the life and ways of their people. This made them more susceptible than the Bontok, Ifugao, and other mountain people to external influence, though less vulnerable than the Tinguian and the Ibaloy who were even nearer and more accessible to both the Spanish colonial forces and the Filipino lowlanders and settlers. Quezon City: University of the Philippines. ]: Department of Education Culture and Sports and Center for Integrative and Development Studies. These stories are called kapia (prayer). This refers to an administration area whose boundaries have changed through successive colonial regimes but was known as the missing center of the Cordillera. Manila: Central Bank of the Philippines, Ayala Museum. 1969. Summer festival (Ayyoweng di Lambak ed Tadian) a call to a big celebration in Tadian,Mountain Province,Philippines,March 5,2011-The Kankanaey Tribes of Tadian Mountain Provinces clad in their colorful traditonal ethnic wear featuring the evolution of their native costumes from ancient time when barks of trees and plants were used as clothing [Pasig City and Quezon City? The indigenous peoples of this region are often collectively referred to as the Igorots, meaning "mountain people" from the Tagalog root word "golot" or mountain. The Kankanaey People of the Philippines: History, Culture, Customs and Tradition [Indigenous People | Cordillera Ethnic Tribes], Kankanaey village by the terraces (SIL International), There are two Kankanaey groups: the northern Kankanaey, also called Lepanto Igorot, and the southern Kankanaey. Next to Kabunian is a descending order of lesser gods and spirits. A Kankanaey individual may belong to two groups of people, the sinpangapo or sinpangabong and the sin-aag-i. The liblibayan and an-antipakao spirits live in sitios where there are people, while the penten inhabit rivers, springs, and other water bodies. . But there are four spirits who are feared the most: Insaking, Buduan, Kise-an, and Putitik. The supply of meat is supplemented with chickens and pigs. [1], Recent DNA studies show that the Kankanaey along with the Atayal people of Taiwan, were most probably among the original ancestors of the Lapita people and modern Polynesians. The Northern Kankanaey or Applai live in Sagada and Besao, western Mountain province, and constitute a linguistic group. Another reason proposed is that the salutary climate of the Cordillera highlands, with its lush green vegetation and other natural riches, may have attracted the ancestors of the present mountain dwellers to go beyond the malaria-ridden jungle belt that stops at the 1,000-meter line of the mountains. But Lumawig and Bangan refused because they were brother and sister. The mamade might decide to seek the counsel of the manabig in making certain decisions. Some of the producers of such music videos are Kankanaey overseas workers in Japan, whose songs speak of longing for home and the challenges of employment abroad. Their society is divided into two social classes based primarily on the ownership of land: The rich (baknang) and the poor (abiteg or kodo). Kankanaey houses are built like the other Igorot houses, which reflect their social status. Allen, Janet. The fourth child was destined to become a spirit who would inhabit stones and trees, and became the ancestor of the malevolent spirits who we know today as the tumungaw or mangmangkik. C-shaped earrings are for both male and female Kankanaey. Primed and Purposeful: Armed Groups and Human Security Efforts in the Philippines. Afterward, the American colonial administration saw the rise of a new political and economic elite, with new sources of power and prestige, even as old ones were closed. Their earnings are either spent for education or sent home to support family members for the purchase of household items such as metal tools, kitchenware, cloth, hats, sugar, and salt. In May 1572, Juan de Salcedo, grandson of Governor-General Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, led an expedition, which yielded 25 kilograms of gold three months later. Swinging songs are rather short and are sung by men or women. Talaw (Star) is the most popular song of Sendong, a Kankanaey musician from Bakun. They then undergo the preliminary marriage ritual (pasya) and exchange food. This house was called an ebgan. They speak Kankanaey with hard intonation and they differ in some words from the soft-speaking Kankanaey. The tattoo is pricked on the breasts and arms of men and women. The women wear native woven skirts (pingay or tapis) that cover their lower body from waist to knees and is held by a thick belt (bagket). The usual types of fish caught are eel (dagit or igat) and small river fishes as well as crabs and other crustaceans. There is an opening to one side leading to a narrow passageway that is protected by a sliding door. The Kankanaey are also in Mindanao, 710 of them being in Lanao del Norte. Many religions have narratives, symbols, traditions and sacred histories that are intended to give meaning to life or to explain the origin of life or the universe. The Benguet people-Ibaloys, Kankanaey, Kalanguya and Karaos- have similar beliefs, traditions and culture. Traditionally, the Kankanaey village was set on the hump of a hill whose elevation afforded a natural defensive advantage against neighboring groups. 2014. In need of much needed resources, the imperial forces headed straight to the provinces copper mines, including those in Mankayan. In the Bicol region, there are 2,291 Kakanaey in Aurora; 953 in Camarines Norte; and 1,429 in Sorsogon. During this American takeover of gold mines, most of the laborers and miners in Mankayan would be transferred to Tuding and Balicno. The gangsa is played solo or in an ensemble, particularly by men performing a dance. The Spanish colonizers left the area, unable to maintain their outposts, and for almost 150 years, the northern Kankanaey were left in peace; what contact there was between the people of the highlands and the lowlands was indirect. While the sudsud and the day-eng may be about some legendary heroes and characters in Kankanaey folklore, they do not form a part of religious rites. Tattoo Art. In Filipino Heritage I, edited by Alfredo Roces, 141-145. The Kankanaey differ in the way they dress. This is made of several broad planks laid together above the ground, instead of stone blocks set on the earth. Rattan, which used to grow in abundance in forests surrounding Kankanaey villages, is still available and provides the basket makers one of two primary materialsthe other being bamboofor executing intricate, creative, and meticulous designs on their baskets. The supernatural world of the Kankanaey is replete with male and female god figures, as well as spirit-beings who comprise a hierarchy of deities under one supreme entity called Kabunian, creator of all beings and living things in the world. The at-ato in the past was headed by a war leader, and it also had a priest. Mo mansamakmi, abu, mataguay; batong mataguay, din togi mataguay; ta waday panbiagmi. The northern Kankanaey occupy a region that averages 2,000 meters above sea level.
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