hellenism and its influence on christianity

Hier. 3.21; C. Jul. (3) Edwards does not appear to provide any texts from which we can positively reconstruct the view of the soul's origin and embodiment that he attributes to Origen. This empire was so vast as truly to stagger the imagination. Some of them having to do with fundamental philosophical issues such as the nature of reality and the nature of God. 5.62 for Origen's open acknowledgment that he read philosophical texts. Was Early Christianity Corrupted by 'Hellenism'? - Wilmington For Christ 2.6.3). Reflecting this position, Tertullian once asked, What has Athens to do with Jerusalem? Despite this hostility, many Christians recognized the value of ancient letters. By the middle of the century we see someone like Justin Martyr, for instance, one of the early Christian apologists, that is, one of the people who was trying to explain Christianity to the Greco-Roman world and doing so in the context of and using the categories of Greco-Roman thought. While it has been deployed in surprisingly fluid ways, most scholars associate the thesis with Adolf von Harnack, for whom it acquired a decidedly critical valence. The prophet or saviour replaced the priest and king as the chief religious figure. Neil Buchanan; 7 vols. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. 2.9.7; 3.3.5). The German and Swedish Lutheran Mission was a major and pioneering Protestant mission society that started its mission work in Tamil Nadu. Why Do People Say Amen at the End of a Prayer? Readers ask: How Did Hellenization Affect The Spread Of Christianity? For pre-existence in other Jewish texts from this same era, see Bostock, The Sources, 260361; Givens, When Souls Had Wings, 4651. } 6 Justinian, Letter of Justinian to the Holy Council about Origen and those Like-Minded, in The Acts of the Council of Constantinople of 553, with related texts on the Three Chapters Controversy (trans. pref.2). F. Rothwell; London: George Allen & Unwin, 1926) 92; see also 94, as well as his Origne: sa vie, son oeuvre, sa pense (3 vols. While majorities of both Democrats and Democratic-leaning independents (84%) and Republicans and Republican leaners (61%) say religion should be kept separate from . The reasons for this persecution are uncertain but have been ascribed, among other things, to the influence of Galerius, a fanatic follower of the traditional Roman religion; Diocletians own devotion to traditional religion and his desire to use Roman religion to restore complete unity in the empire; and the fear of an alienation of rebellious armies from emperor worship. A Portrait Of Jesus' World - Hellenistic Culture - PBS 246de; 248c), which Origen also uses in Cels. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. 3.5.4; Comm. Matt. tapes, transcripts & events, FRONTLINE is a registered trademark of wgbh educational foundation. 72e77a to argue for the soul's pre-existent state where it contemplated the forms. 4 For more on the Hellenization of Christianity thesis, see esp. The first (or inner circle) was composed of devout, full-time adherents of the cult for whom the deity retained a separate and decisive identity (e.g., those of Yahweh, Zeus Serapis, and Isis). Jesus the Messiah in Messianic Jewish Theology: The Shaping of Messianic Jewish Christology Paper given at LCJE International Conference, Finland, August 9th, 2003 and published in LCJE Conference Papers. (1) Fragment 15 in P. Koetschau's edition of Princ., which speaks of pre-existent rational beings falling (angels, human souls and demons), is not authentic (Origen against Plato, 9091). 54 Princ. 2.20.112114; 6.12.135, Exc. There was a noticeable lessening of concern on the part of the members of the dispersed religious group for the destiny and fortunes of the native land and also a relative severing of the traditional ties between religion and the land. Thomas P. Scheck; FC 120; Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 2010] 11011).Pamphilus also makes Origen's view his own (Apol. ; Darmstadt, Germany: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1992). A similar argument occurs at Meno 80d. In each case the material was reinterpreted both in light of common Hellenistic ideals and in accord with the special traditions and needs of the diasporic community. 6.6; 6.14.810). 1.32 for the pre-existence of Jesus's soul. ; Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1995) 11925Google Scholar. 3(1214); Plant. . Pauls success at Ephesus provoked a riot to defend the cult of the goddess Artemis. ; History of Theology; Collegeville, Minn.: Liturgical Press, 1996] 1:170). Jo. 30 See Her. Jean Danilou says that the source of Origen's doctrine of the descent of souls into the body is undoubtedly Platonist, deriving (to be more precise) from Middle Platonism and especially Albinus (Gospel Message, 423). 51 Princ. 2.18182; Comm. Upon the Jews' return from exile in Babylon, they endeavored to protect their national identity by following the law closely. Both Roman Catholicism and Protestantism belong to what can be termed Hellenistic Christianity, that is, a form of Christianity heavily influenced by Greek philosophies, particularly Gnosticism. That's certainly an example of the way in which Greek literary forms and Greek language impacted Jewish civilization and literary traditions. ; Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1995) 1:4145Google Scholar; Gruen, Erich S., Jews and Greeks, in A Companion to the Hellenistic World (ed. 3:1011 (=Pamphilus, Apol. . A conservative theologian still hold that the doctrine of the Trinity, later made explicit in the creeds, is implicit within the New Testament texts and was Jesus most controversial claim. 3.4.2. 1:4647Google Scholar (on the antagonistic model Harnack uses for Jewish and Hellenistic cultures), 1:5657 (on the irreconcilability of Paul's theology with the Greek world), and 2:333 (on the dangerous atmosphere in which Origen lived as a Christian and philosopher). Io. Hellenism refers to the spread of Greek culture through the Mediterranean region after the fourth century B.C. See also, M. Edwards, Origen against Plato, 7. Patriots 2023 NFL Draft takeaways: A stud early, but some odd picks on Offers a definition to be defended and addresses objections to the doctrine from theodicy, history, and divine relationality. My thesis is that one of the earliest understandings of Jesus nature is found in the infancy narratives and that this understanding is presupposed by the earliest Christian writers (including the writers of the New Testament texts). bible history quiz. By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. F. Rothwell; London: George Allen & Unwin, 1926) 92; see also 94, as well as his Origne: sa vie . Lastly (5) Edwards claims that when Origen says newly-created human souls or minds are immaterial or incorporeal, he does not mean to imply that they ever existed without a bodymind refers to the mind proper as well as some sort of body (Origen against Plato, 9497). The relation of the early church to late Judaism, The relation of the early church to the career and intentions of Jesus, The contemporary social, religious, and intellectual world, The internal development of the early Christian church, Relations between Christianity and the Roman government and the Hellenistic culture, The early liturgy, the calendar, and the arts, Theological controversies of the 4th and 5th centuries, Political relations between East and West, The Photian schism and the great East-West schism, Christianity from the 16th to the 21st century, Scripture and tradition: the apostolic witness, Evangelism: the first teaching about the God of Jesus Christ, Catechesis: instructing candidates for baptism, Aversion of heresy: the establishment of orthodoxy, Restatement: respecting language and knowledge, Inculturation: respecting places and peoples, Development: the maturation of understanding, Schism: division over substantial matters, Characteristic features of the Christian concept of God, The belief in the oneness of the Father and the Son, Different interpretations of the person of Jesus, The doctrine of the Virgin Mary and holy Wisdom, Conflict between order and charismatic freedom, The basis for the doctrine of the Trinity, The new man: The human being in the light of Christ, New liturgical forms and antiliturgical attitudes, Veneration of places, objects, and people, Expectations of the kingdom of God in early Christianity, Expectations of the kingdom of God in the medieval and Reformation periods, Expectations of the kingdom of God in the post-Reformation period, The role of imminent expectation in missions and emigrations, Eschatological expectations and secularization, History of the interactions of philosophy and theology, Arguments from religious experience and miracles, Characteristics of Christian myth and legend, Messianic secrets and the mysteries of salvation, The church and the Byzantine, or Eastern, Empire, Church and state in Eastern and Western theology, Intellectualism versus anti-intellectualism, The tendency to spiritualize and individualize marriage, Missions to South East Asia and the Pacific, Ecumenism since the start of the 20th century. (3) Edwards then discusses Princ. Hellenissm influence on chritianity - Academia.edu Ti. teachers' guide. Render date: 2023-05-01T03:55:48.679Z See esp. We see this fellow Justin Martyr active in Rome around the middle of the century trying to explain the nature of Christ and the nature of his relationship to God in terms of certain philosophical theories, the philosophical theory that comes ultimately from stoicism that postulates a dichotomy between speech that is external and thought that's internal. Justin has a theology of the word of God that wrestles with the issue of what kind of status Jesus has as an intermediary between God and humankind. Christian culture has been built, almost from the very first, on a double foundation, that of both Hebraism and Hellenism, to use Matthew Arnold's terms; and it was precisely the development of Greek culture toward certain religious and philosophical ideas which made this possible. Heinrich Karpp, Probleme altchristlicher Anthropologie: Biblische Anthropologie und philosophische Psychologie bei den Kirchenvtern des dritten Jahrhunderts (Beitrge zur Frderung christlicher Theologie 44. See the extensive recent discussion of this topic by Blosser, Become Like the Angels, 60141. This led to a change from concern for a religion of national prosperity to one for individual salvation, from focus on a particular ethnic group to concern for every human. This latter union was the result of a descent, but it was not precipitated by a sinful fall (see Origen against Plato, 8997; the arguments are rehearsed at Origen's Platonism, 3435). Questions and Caveats, ZAC 12 (2008) 2038CrossRefGoogle Scholar. 29 September 2015. What Is the Most Widely Practiced Religion in the World. With few exceptions, each of these religions, originally tied to a specific geographic area and people, had traditions extending back centuries before the Hellenistic period. We now come to the heart of the issue. The history of Hellenistic religions is rarely the history of genuinely new religions. Henri Crouzel and Antonio Quacquarelli; Quaderni di Vetera Christianorum 15; Rome: Edizioni dell'Ateneo, 1980] 6364). (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Author of. 2.3.4; Cels. let him be anathema (ACO 4.1, 242.3237transl. The two following essays deal with the ancient Hellenism. ; A History of Early Christian Doctrine Before the Council of Nicaea; Philadelphia: Westminster, 1972) 2:415. 1.2.2; 1.2.4; 1.2.911; 1.4.4; 1.5.5; 4.4.1. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. Jo. 1.4); Princ. 15 Below I focus on Phaedrus since Origen specifically alludes to this work when discussing pre-existence. 31 Comm. For many Jews, it seemed not to be a problem at all. On the divine justice behind the diversity in this world, see Princ. These are two poles around which the dialogue develops during the course of the subsequent centuries. 48 Danilou, Origen, 209. 32 For earlier writers, and bibliography, see Luc Brsard, Henri Crouzel, Marcel Borret, Origne. Theosis, vol. Hom. Bacchylides raises the problem why rationalist culture in its first Hellenic embodiment met with an arrest. 42 Harnack, History of Dogma, 1:51. Titus 3:1011)that is spoken of hereticsif perchance, on the subjects that we mentioned above, he seems to introduce an opinion, whatever it may be, that sometimes sounds strange to many (SC 464, 248250/St. 78 One of Plato's metaphors for this activity is nourishment (Phaedr. 40 Givens, When Souls Had Wings, 46. Rather it is best understood as the study of archaic Mediterranean religions in their Hellenistic phase within both their native and diasporic settings. 1.32 (SC 132 164.3132) he refers by name to Pythagoras, Plato and Empedocles whom he is following when he proposes the pre-existence of Jesus's soul. It is difficult (2) to explain how such a wide spectrum of figures fluent in Greek, both foe and friend to Origen, erroneously attributed pre-existence to him (e.g., Pamphilus, Epiphanius, Rufinus, Jerome, Theophilus, John of Jerusalem, Theodore of Mopsuestia, among others). 163) where Origen only mentions two views, traducianism and pre-existence. Christians were blamed for the desperate situation because they denied the gods who were thought to protect Rome, thereby bringing down their wrath. It has been argued, however, that . How would all of this have influenced Jesus? In this study I review the early Christian texts, their content and background, to ascertain the earliest forms of Christological thought. Hft; Gtersloh, Germany: C. Berteslmann, 1950) 92185. Nav. What is Hellenism, and how did it influence the early church? 75cd). 166.1617 Augustine openly acknowledges the inability of the creationist view to adequately address the sufferings of infants and the diversity of their talents, precisely the existential problem Origen's view of pre-existence was attempting to address. The influence of Greek language, philosophy and culture on Jews and early Christians. Historising Religion between Spiritual Continuity and Friendly Takeover. storytellers. So for some it probably meant no more than what it would be like to live in a modern city with a very mixed culture. Cant. The influence of the latter precipitated a debasement of Christianity, the ossification of its teachings, or more seriously, the infiltration of heresy. 47 Indeed, for several centuries after Origen's death, there was vigorous debateand open confusionin Christian circles about how to think about the soul's embodiment. 20 See Comm. The "Christian" churches of this world are predominantly antinomian to some extent. The content here may be outdated or no longer functioning. Jesus apparently grew up in Galilee which was at that time under Herod Antipas undergoing a form of Hellenization. why did christianity succeed? 39.5; Comm. By and large, they sought both to make Christianity intelligible to members of Greco-Roman society and to define the Christian understanding of God, the divinity of Christ, and the resurrection of the body. For additional passages on the creation of these rational beings, including their potential existence in God's Wisdom (i.e., Son), see Comm. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Ancient sacred books were translated or paraphrased into Greeke.g., the 4th3rd-century-bc Babylonian priest Berosus version of Babylonian materials, the 4th3rd-century-bc Egyptian priest Manethos Egyptian accounts, the Jewish Septuagint (Greek version of the Old Testament), or the 1st-century-ad Jewish historian Josephus Antiquities of the Jews, and the ethnic histories of the 1st-century-bc Greek writer Alexander Polyhistor. The Christians should be left alone as long as they did not stir up trouble. %PDF-1.6 % 15.35; Comm. less Christian theology has been influenced (far too much!) Hellenistic religion, any of the various systems of beliefs and practices of eastern Mediterranean peoples from 300 bc to ad 300. He has written for the "Valley Citizen" newspaper, where his work won first- and second-place awards in sports and outdoor features from the Idaho Press Club. web site copyright 1995-2014 75 There are numerous references to Phaedrus in Origen's writingssee, for example, the index to Cels. 60 Princ. See as well Edwards, Mark, Origen's Platonism. 33 All three passages are cited at Princ. Rom. i In their homeland they were inextricably tied to local loyalties and ambitions. Thus, the Christians could very well be unpopular, and they often were. 2.18182; 20.182; Dial. We have clear evidence in all of that architectural remains Hellenism was having a strong impact even on Galilee during this period. 1.3233; 5.2933). Today, much of modern Christianity has become inseparable from Greek philosophy and thought. Yet others insist on the latter interpretation, most notably Simonetti, Manlio, Alcune osservazioni sull interpretazione Origeniana di Genesi 2,7 e 3,21, Aev 36 (1962) 37078Google Scholar; Blosser, Become like the Angels, 17680; Ramelli, Ilaria, Origen, Greek Philosophy, and the Birth of the Trinitarian Meaning of Hypostasis, HTR 105 (2012) 30250CrossRefGoogle Scholar. 4.2.1), opponents (Princ. 2.6.3 [GK 362, 142.5]). Comm. But what did the early Christians believe about their Lord and Master? mine). 148 0 obj <>stream Broadly speaking, Hellenism is a polytheistic religion that understands the Gods are unchanging, unbegotten, eternal, and not in space. Feature Flags: { 1.pref.5 (GK 90, 11.1112.9/Butterworth, 4). 2.9.5 (GK 410, 169.1213) and 2.9.6 (GK 412, 170.14) where accident and chance do not explain how this universe is organized. The first version of this essay was delivered during the Logos Conference (University of Notre Dame, 2012) at the invitation of Michael Rea. 1.6.23 (also see 1.8.1). Robin Waterfield; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002). the following claim about Jesus's pre-existent soul: To prove that it was the perfection of his love and the sincerity of his true affection which gained for him this inseparable unity with God, so that the taking up of his soul was neither accidental nor the result of personal preference, but was a privilege conferred upon it as a reward for its virtues (Princ. Early persecutions were sporadic, caused by local conditions and dependent on the attitude of the governor. They refuted a variety of scandalous rumours, including allegations of cannibalism and promiscuity. Harvey, Susan Ashbrook and Hunter, David G.; Oxford Handbooks; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008) 67290Google Scholar; Markschies, Christoph, Does it Make Sense to Speak of a Hellenization of Christianity in Antiquity? Church History and Religious Culture 92 (2012) 3334CrossRefGoogle Scholar. 70 For Origen, as for other early Christian authors, the attractiveness of pre-existence was its ability to function as a theodicy. 21 Aristotle, Gen. an. 29 Cels. 3 Harnack describes the original gospel as a religion of life and feeling of the heart (ibid., 1:46) which suffered a decomposition as Hellenism increasingly overcame it (1:47, 49; on the fate of the gospel in the Greek world, see 1:56). Readers ask: How Did Hellenism Influence The Spread Of Christianity? 50. 12 Tzamalikos, Panayiotis, Origen: Cosmology and Ontology of Time (Supplements to Vigiliae Christianae 77; Leiden: Brill, 2006) 8081Google Scholar. 11 Mark Edwards, Origen against Plato (Ashgate Studies in Philosophy & Theology in Late Antiquity; Aldershot: Ashgate, 2002) 159 (and 114). = Jerome, Ep. The misleading tendency to present Origen as a dogmatizer on pre-existence is already clearly developed by Epiphanius (see his Ep. 41c43a. 72e77c; Resp. 20.182) (so also Brke, Georg, Des Origenes Lehre vom Urstand des Menschen, ZKT 72 [1950] 3033Google Scholar; Crouzel, Henri, Thologie de l'image de dieu chez Origne [Thologie (Aubier) 34; Paris: Aubier, 1956], 14853Google Scholar; Giulia Sfameni Gasparro, Doppia creazione e peccato di Adamo nel Peri Archon: Fondamenti biblici e presupposti Platonici dell esegesi Origeniana, in Origeniana Secunda: Second Colloque international des tudes origniennes, Bari 2023 septembre 1977 [ed. hbbd``b`Z$A,O H\ A 73 Edwards's view appears to be that for Origen the soul was created by God and had an existence tethered to some sort of body for only the briefest moment of time before it was united to its earthly body. What do you mean when you say Hellenistic? Content may require purchase if you do not have access. The great Church Father compared Classical literature to the gold of the Egyptians, which God permitted the Hebrews to use on their journey to the Promised Land even though it had once been used in pagan religious practice. 3.1.16), or those who profess to believe in Christ (Princ. His successor at Alexandria, Origen, showed less interest in literary and aesthetic matters but was a greater scholar and thinker; he first applied the methods of Alexandrian philology to the text of the Bible. 64.72. 2.6.37). . The situation of the early church improved further the following year, when the emperor Constantine, prior to a battle against a rival emperor, experienced a vision of the cross in the heavens with the legend In this sign, conquer. Constantines victory led to his eventual conversion to Christianity. For that reason many have been unable to comprehend what their opinion should be concerning the question of the soul. 1.pref.2, but esp. Extending from the Strait of Gibraltar to the Indus River, from the forests of Germany and the steppes of Russia to the Sahara Desert and the Indian Ocean, it took in an area of some 1.5 million square miles (3.9 million square kilometres; most of Europe, the Mediterranean, the Middle East, Africa, Persia, and the borderlands of India) and had a total population of more than 54 million. Its membership was drawn from the ethnic group for whom the deity was indigenous, and the group tended to continue to speak the native language. They wished only to reject all polytheistic myth and cult and all metaphysical and ethical doctrines irreconcilable with Christian belief (e.g., Stoic materialism and Platonic doctrines of the transmigration of souls and the eternity of the world). 88 Hom. 72). 34 Princ. To learn more, view ourPrivacy Policy. 2, and Cels. The Hellenization of Christianity is a long-standing and notoriously contentious historiographical construct in early Christian studies. So too Bostock: It must be recognized however that the Platonic or Pythagorean doctrine of pre-existence was not antagonistic to Jewish belief and that the difference between them was one of emphasis and viewpoint rather than of fundamental philosophy (The Sources, 260). SV&>zi{in^KFrtM1UkY r5vec1n>(Ex)&-V"h 0R%0H Popular gossip soon accused the Christians of secret vices, such as eating murdered infants (because of the secrecy surrounding the Lords Supper and the use of the words body and blood) and sexual promiscuity (because of the practice of Christians calling each other brother or sister while living as husband and wife). symposium. Here Origen adumbrates a major theme in his anthropology: the capacity for choice ( )usually rendered free will in English translationsthat he thought was characteristic of rationality (Princ. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). @TJ. Ic}Z-i"L\/E%u3%K.\a3wny2 ; Bibliothque de lcole des hautes tudes, sciences religieuses 37, 43, 44; Paris: Ernest Leroux, 1928) 3:1056. It is primarily a devotional or votive religion, based on the exchange of gifts between the divine and mortals typically through correctly performed sacrificial rituals. It was to that world what English is to the modern world in many ways, what French was to the world of the 19th century. 126.1; Rufinus, Anast. 66 Princ. 12.41. 55 As Origen presents the Gnostic view of human nature, it entailed a denial that humans had the capacity to make decisions for which God held them accountable. and 4973. Gerald Bostock claims that Origen's doctrine of pre-existence stems essentially from Philo rather than from Plato, but this is too strong a contrast and overlooks that Origen also cites Plato when discussing his own account of pre-existence (The Sources of Origen's Doctrine of Pre-Existence, in Origeniana Quarta [ed. 1623. The Hellenistic world is that world that was created after the conquests of the near east by Alexander the Great at the end of the fourth century B.C. Published online by Cambridge University Press: for this article. G. W. Butterworth; Gloucester, Mass. And then, subsequent to that, the Roman imperial expansion, which would take that over politically. ), History, Culture, and Religion of the Hellenistic Age, The Oxford Handbook of Early Christian Studies. Because among Greek philosophers there was a growing appreciation for the unity of the divine and for the notion that there may be a single simple divine principle underlying all things. II.147.13 (IX.147). Exchanging the Glory of the Invisible God: Pauls Concept of Idolatry Redefined Around Jesus as the Image of God Read Against the Backdrop of his Jewish Identity. Moreover, when you yourself reflect on these matters, consider whether it is necessary rashly to define as a heretic or a churchman the one who thinks in some way, whatever it may be, about these things, or whether it is not dangerous to pronounce about him that he is perverse and is sinning and is self-condemned (cf. Embodiment, Heresy, and the Hellenization of Christianity: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0017816015000401, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. Is Hellenism a religion? In Fight Against ISIS, a Lose-Lose Scenario Poses Challenge for West. He customarily mentioned Marcion, Valentinus and Basilides by name, or grouped them together as heretics (Princ. And the two major areas that survived down to the first century B.C. 24 Princ. 2.8.48; Jerome, Comm. 1: a person living in Hellenistic times who was Greek in language, outlook, and way of life but was not Greek in ancestry especially: a hellenized Jew. Hellenism and Its Influences on Judaism in Alexandria The persecuting emperor Valerian, however, became a Persian prisoner of war, and his son Gallienus issued an edict of toleration restoring confiscated churches and cemeteries. Ep. Edwards's reading of Origen's relation to Plato resembles the earlier view of Heinrich Drrie, who argued that Platonism only superficially influenced Christianity through its terminology, not its underlying ideas, and that we should speak instead of christlicher Gegenplatonismus, i.e., Christian anti-Platonism (see esp. From this basis I trace the development of Christology to the end of the second century, demonstrating how Christian thought moved from its primitive understanding of Jesus to the foundations of the doctrine of the Trinity. Eph. Impact of Hellenism on Christianity - 278 Words | Essay Example behind the scenes Jo. 7.6; Comm. In particular, Martyr used the Greek concept of internal and external thought to illustrate Jesus Christ's relationship with God, and thus Christ's messiah status. A Definition of the Title Son of God in the Synoptic Gospels, Why Should an Atheist Have Faith [And This] In Jesus-Christ, NEW TESTAMENT CHRISTOLOGY: A CRITIQUE OF BOUSSETS INFLUENCE, THE RECEPTION OF JOHANNINE LOGOS: AN APPROPRIATION OF JAUSS-GADAMER HERMENEUTICS OF RECEPTION THEORY. Note as well the medicinal simile in the concluding lines of the work: far from exhibiting the symptoms of contagion, Origen's work contains the antibodies to Platonism as proof that he has suffered and resisted its attacks (161). The great bishop-theologian Cyprian of Carthage was martyred during the next great wave of persecutions (257259), which were aimed at eradicating the leaders of the church. The Hellenistic world is that world that was created after the conquests of the near east by Alexander the Great at the end of the fourth century B.C. I incline to the former view: see esp. Groups such as the Donatists in North Africa, for example, refused to recognize as Christians those who had sacrificed to the emperor or turned over holy books during the persecutions. The "Triumph" of Hellenization in Early Christianity: Sanneh/Wiley
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