which of the following statements about filtering information is accurate?

Those trying to stop the spread of false information are working to design technical and human systems that can weed it out and minimize the ways in which bots and other schemes spread lies and misinformation. This report concentrates on these follow-up responses. Their purpose is to raise fears that serve their agendas, create or deepen silos and echo chambers, divide people and set them upon each other, and paralyze or confuse public understanding of the political, social and economic landscape. Advertising used to provide newspapers with money to pay such people. So ignorance breeds frustration, which breeds acting out, which breeds antisocial and pathological behavior, such as the disinformation, which was the subject of the survey, and many other undesirable second order effects. There was common agreement among many respondents whether they said they expect to see improvements in the information environment in the next decade or not that the problem of misinformation requires significant attention. In fact, a share of the respondents predicted that the online information environment will not improve in the next decade because any requirement for authenticated identities would take away the publics highly valued free-speech rights and allow major powers to control the information environment. Do we even know what those decisions are?, A professor and chair in a department of educational theory, policy and administration commented, Some of this work can be done in private markets. The state and trends in education and place of critical thinking in curricula across the world will be the place to look to see whether or not the information environment will improve cyberliteracy relies on basic information literacy, social literacy and technological literacy. Many respondents expressed concerns about how peoples struggles to find and apply accurate information contribute to a larger social and political problem: There is a growing deficit in commonly accepted facts or some sort of cultural common ground. Why has this happened? That type of situation will continue. Emmanuel Edet, head of legal services at the National Information Technology Development Agency of Nigeria, observed, The information environment will improve but at a cost to privacy., Bill Woodcock, executive director of the Packet Clearing House, wrote, Theres a fundamental conflict between anonymity and control of public speech, and the countries that dont value anonymous speech domestically are still free to weaponize it internationally, whereas the countries that do value anonymous speech must make it available to all, [or] else fail to uphold their own principle., James LaRue, director of the Office for Intellectual Freedom of the American Library Association, commented, Information systems incentivize getting attention. That means the continuing bifurcation of haves and have-nots, when it comes to trusted news and information., An anonymous editor and publisher commented, Sadly, many Americans will not pay attention to ANY content from existing or evolving sources. An anonymous business leader argued, It is too easy to create fake facts, too labor-intensive to check and too easy to fool checking algorithms. And this response of an anonymous research scientist based in North America echoed the view of many participants in this canvassing: We will develop technologies to help identify false and distorted information, BUT they wont be good enough., In the arms race between those who want to falsify information and those who want to produce accurate information, the former will always have an advantage. The most important action societies can take to protect people is education, information and training., An early internet developer and security consultant commented, Fake news is not a product of a flaw in the communications channel and cannot be fixed by a fix to the channel. Some said they expect some other systematic and social changes will alter things. Right now, many people naively believe what they read on social media. Since there are multiple approaches you can take for completing each of these tasks, we'll focus instead on the high-level activities. People tend to filter downward communication more than upward communication. Siva Vaidhyanathan, professor of media studies and director of the Center for Media and Citizenship at the University of Virginia, wrote, There are no technological solutions that correct for the dominance of Facebook and Google in our lives. Participation will decline as more and more citizens become unwilling/unable to figure out which information sources are reliable., The crisis we face about truth and reliable facts is predicated less on the ability to get people to believe the *wrong* thing as it is on the ability to get people to *doubt* the right thing. We need more individuals who take responsibility for getting reliable sources., 1615 L St. NW, Suite 800Washington, DC 20036USA We cant machine-learn our way out of this disaster, which is actually a perfect storm of poor civics knowledge and poor information literacy. To maximize the chances of sending effective communication, it is advisable to use a single channel to send it. D) Pitch. There has been a tremendous insertion of complex systems into many aspects of how we live in the decades since World War II, fueled by a tremendous growth in knowledge in general. O Both Sorting and Filtering will allow selective viewing of data. By Sarah Houghton published in Library Technology Reports, Why Filters Won't Protect Children or Adults (2004) Synthesis Report: Test and benchmark of products and services to voluntarily filter Internet content for children between 6 and 16 years, Internet Filtering Software Tests: Barracuda, CyberPatrol, FilterGate, & WebSense, The Effectiveness of Internet Content Filters, Internet filtering companies with religious affiliations in the context of Indiana public libraries, Filtering Software: The Religious Connection, Parental controls: advice for parents, researchers, and industry, Championing Internet Access for Students on Banned Websites Awareness Day. As a result, there are strong economic forces incentivizing the creation and spread of fake news. B) Dual filter model By Bob Bocher with the Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction, Library Internet Filtering Update (2012) Starr Roxanne Hiltz, An executive consultant based in North America wrote, It comes down to motivation: There is no market for the truth. People tend to filter downward communication more than upward communication. The question:In the next 10 years, will trusted methods emerge to block false narratives and allow the most accurate information to prevail in the overall information ecosystem? Not monotonically, and not without effort, but fundamentally, I still believe that the efforts to improve the information environment will ultimately outweigh efforts to devolve it., Bryan Alexander, futurist and president of Bryan Alexander Consulting, replied, Growing digital literacy and the use of automated systems will tip the balance towards a better information environment.. Donald Trumps repeated fake news smears of The New York Times, Washington Post, etc., are among his most destructive non-truths., Susan Etlinger, industry analyst at Altimeter Research, said, There are two main dynamics at play: One is the increasing sophistication and availability of machine learning algorithms and the other is human nature. Any safeguards will appear as a way to further control narrative and propagandize the population.. They say history validates this. Technology is reducing opportunities for such interactions and disrupting human discourse, while giving the feeling that we are communicating more than ever.. Its how people choose to react and access to information and news thats important, not the mechanisms that distribute them. What barrier is facing Martin in this scenario. And yet, it feels like as a society, we are outsourcing this function to private entities that exist, ultimately, to make a profit and not necessarily for a social good. They noted that misinformation and bad actors have always existed but have eventually been marginalized by smart people and processes. There are a lot of rich and unethical people, politicians, non-state actors and state actors who are strongly incentivized to get fake information out there to serve their selfish purposes. Brief on Recommender Systems. Different types of recommendation | by Chicago, IL: American Association of School Librarians (AASL) Second, information related to the product's known as an item vector. Such an effort, some said, might prepare more people to be wise in what they view/read/believe and possibly even serve to upgrade the overall social norms of information sharing. Medium conflict leads to high performance. Respondents were then asked to choose one of the following answer options: The information environment will improve In the next 10 years, on balance, the information environment will be IMPROVED by changes that reduce the spread of lies and other misinformation online. Their reasoning revealed a wide range of opinions about the nature of these threats and the most likely solutions required to resolve them. Theyll be part of the immune system. Which of the following would be least likely to engage controlled attention? Information filtered and unfiltered - PMC Many respondents who hope for improvement in the information environment mentioned ways in which new technological solutions might be implemented. True False QUESTION 2 Irani's position on commodity businesses was, Dorian is having trouble with her team. A) Inhibition of return promotes an individual attending to new and unsearched locations, thereby resulting in a more efficient visual search. manage the reactions of the listener(s), you are engaging in filtering. C) Information with semantic relevance receives further processing even if not directly attended to. A ________ is a persistent conversation between different programs on different computers. IMPORTANT: When " is any of " condition is . Now that the issue is visible as a clear and urgent danger, activists and people who see a business opportunity will begin to focus on it. I agree. Bart Knijnenburg, researcher on decision-making and recommender systems and assistant professor of computer science at Clemson University, said, Two developments will help improve the information environment: 1) News will move to a subscription model (like music, movies, etc.) During a chemistry lab, your friend is listening intently for bubbling in her solution. kindly thumbs up for the solution. Furthermore, they said technologists will play an important role in helping filter out misinformation and modeling new digital literacy practices for users. It is due to a flaw in the human consumers of information and can be repaired only by education of those consumers., An anonymous respondent from the Harvard Universitys Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society noted, False information intentionally or inadvertently so is neither new nor the result of new technologies. Filtering Software: The Religious Connection (2002) The competition will complicate and intensify the search for veracity. A) It assumes attended information is enhanced, while unattended information is not. When you query table information, you can filter records with the WHERE clause to extract only those records that fulfill a specific expression. We use what we know of statistics and probability to compartment uncertainty. O Sorting can be applied to rows but not columns. They said certain actors in government, business and other individuals with propaganda agendas are highly driven to make technology work in their favor in the spread of misinformation, and there will continue to be more of them. Many of those who expect no improvement of the information environment said those who wish to spread misinformation are highly motivated to use innovative tricks to stay ahead of the methods meant to stop them. How to Filter Query Results in SQL - FutureLearn This data is represented by the user vector. He wrote: Artificial intelligence that will supplant human judgment is being pursued aggressively by entities in the Silicon Valley and elsewhere. (+1) 202-419-4300 | Main Philip B. Stark Dealing with censorship challenges at your library or need to get prepared for them? Which of the following statements about filter models of attention is most correct? In fact, the companies are already beginning to take steps in this direction., An associate professor at a U.S. university wrote, I do not see us giving up on seeking truth. And a researcher based in Europe said, Technologies will appear that solve the trust issues and reward logic., Adam Lella, senior analyst for marketing insights at comScore Inc., replied, There have been numerous other industry-related issues in the past (e.g., viewability, invalid traffic detection, cross-platform measurement) that were seemingly impossible to solve, and yet major progress was made in the past few years. Unless significant measures are taken in the present and unless all the companies in our digital information ecosystem use strategic foresight to map out the future I dont see how fake news could possibly be reduced by 2027., Ian Peter, internet pioneer, historian and activist, observed, It is not in the interests of either the media or the internet giants who propagate information, nor of governments, to create a climate in which information cannot be manipulated for political, social or economic gain. The majority of participants in this canvassing wrote detailed elaborations on their views. Conflict sells, especially to the opposition party, therefore the opposition news agency will be incentivized to push a narrative and agenda. Martin is the financial director of a small business. Answer: C Tom Rosenstiel, When BBC Future Now interviewed a panel of 50 experts in early 2017 about the grand challenges we face in the 21st century many named the breakdown of trusted information sources. Reasons for pessimism: Imploding trust in institutions; institutions that do not recognize the need to radically change to regain trust; and business models that favor volume over value., Jim Warren, an internet pioneer and open-government/open-records/open-meetings advocate, said, False and misleading information has always been part of all cultures (gossip, tabloids, etc.). Misinformation is not like a plumbing problem you fix. Anonymous professor, An institute director and university professor said, The internet is the 21st centurys threat of a nuclear winter, and theres no equivalent international framework for nonproliferation or disarmament. Experimental scientists have many careful protocols in place to assure the veracity of their work, and the questions they ask have well-defined answers and still there can be controversy about what is true, what work was free from outside influence. C) Turning around and looking at the person in the library who just turned their music on full blast. An information filtering system is a system that removes redundant or unwanted information from an information stream using (semi)automated or computerized methods prior to presentation to a human user. What kind of communication error did Sally make? Information with the intent to deceive, opinions masquerading as facts, exciting developments, boring truths, crafty deceptions they are all part of the internet "information soup." These developments have given rise to the new term, information literacy "the ability to discern between information that is relevant and accurate . A) The late selection filter because it does not filter out irrelevant physical information before it has been processed in terms of its physical significance. Now I feel that people will tend to look for confirmation of their biases and the radical transparency will not shine a cleansing light., David Harries, associate executive director for Foresight Canada, replied, More and more, history is being written, rewritten and corrected, because more and more people have the ways and means to do so. It is a social condition, like crime, that you must constantly monitor and adjust to. A) Broadbent proposed that semantically important information may still be processed even if it is heard through the unattended ear. Experts are tested by Chegg as specialists in their subject area. (+1) 202-419-4372 | Media Inquiries. Scott Shamp, a dean at Florida State University, commented, Too many groups gain power through the proliferation of inaccurate or misleading information. Blockchain technology may be an option, but every technological system needs to be built on trust, and as long as there is no globally governed trust system that is open and transparent, there will be no reliable verification systems.. They eschew accountability for the impact of their inventions on society and have not developed any of the principles or practices that can deal with the complex issues. Most users just read the headline, comment and share without digesting the entire article or thinking critically about its content (if they read it at all).. You call her name and ask for instructions on the next step but she seems not to hear you. If a news story reaffirms what we already believe, its credible but if it rails against our beliefs, its fake. Participants were next asked to explain their answers. By Bieke Zaman and Marije Nouwen, Filtering: The Man in the Middle. Which one of the following statements on Filtering and Sorting is true? D) Inhibition of return increases the effort required for an individual to attend to the same stimulus several times, thereby decreasing evolutionary survival. Even if there are more positive aspects than negative in a situation or person,. Practice all cards. and subscription providers will have a vested interest in culling down false narratives; 2) Algorithms that filter news will learn to discern the quality of a news item and not just tailor to virality or political leaning., In order to reduce the spread of fake news, we must deincentivize it financially. The difference between the top choice and the bottom one is troubling. This would require a system of delayed advertising revenue distribution where ad funds are held until the article is proven as accurate or not. A large number of respondents said the interests of the most highly motivated actors, including those in the worlds of business and politics, are generally not motivated to fix the proliferation of misinformation. Governor Mifflin School District And Filtering Of LGBT Online Content, Franks v. Metropolitan Board of Public Education. Their coping mechanism is to turn to entertainment or other lighter fare. Some 1,116 responded to this nonscientific canvassing: 51% chose the option that the information environment will not improve, and 49% said the information environment will improve. Those who want to make sure they are getting a multiplicity of sources to see the range of inputs, and to sort through various types of inputs, will be able to do so, but I also expect that those who want to be in the game of influencing perceptions of reality and changing the perceptions of reality will also have ample means to do so. Americans worry about that: A Pew Research Centerstudy conducted just after the 2016 election found 64% of adults believe fake news stories cause a great deal of confusion and 23% said they had shared fabricated political stories themselves sometimes by mistake and sometimes intentionally. When " is not any of " condition is selected, the filter will be TRUE when none of the values identified is included for a particular record. They will only continue the centralization of power in a small number of companies that control the flow of information.. Lying is a powerful way to do that. One cannot apply a filter for more than one column in a cell range. A new system emerged and I believe we have the motivation and capability to do it again. To get to the SQL statements, I simply scroll down on the ABAP Statistics Record Screen to the SQL Statements section. More subtly, its presence on the newsstand reminded everyone that anything can be printed., Joshua Hatch, president of the Online News Association, noted, Im slightly optimistic because there are more people who care about doing the right thing than there are people who are trying to ruin the system. Anonymous survey participants also responded: A number of respondents believe there will be policy remedies that move beyond whatever technical innovations emerge in the next decade.
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